Movement responses - Migration

Migration: The movement of people from one location to another.

International migration: Migration between countries.

Internal (or domestic) migration: Migration within a country.

Rural-urban migration: The movement from the countryside into cities.

Permanent migration: Migration with the intention of staying somewhere forever.

Temporary migration: Migration for a limited period of time e.g. Mr Greenfield migrated to Vietnam for three years.

Voluntary migration: When people choose to migrate.

Forced migration: When people have to migrate, normally because their life is in danger e.g. war or natural disaster.

Return migration: When people return home after a period of living in a different location.

Seasonal migration: When people migrate for a particularly season. This is usually for work and may be for a harvest season or a ski season.

Economic migration: When people move because of their work, usually to find a better paid job or a promotion.

Chain migration: The process by migrants from one town following migrants from the same town to a particular city or neighbourhood. This might be to a completely new country or to a new urban area within an existing city.

Diaspora: Members of a country's citizens living in a different country e.g. Irish and Italian immigrants living in the US. Diaspora may hold onto their traditional identity e.g. food, language, clothes, etc. For more information on the Irish diaspora visit: sociocultural integration

Expatriates: Migrants living in a different country to their own. Mr Greenfield was an expatriate when he lived in El Salvador.

Guest worker: Someone who is invited to work in a foreign country. Guest workers are given contracts and visas for a limited period, often only one or two years. The Gulf countries have a lot of guest workers.

Commuting: The process of travelling from your home to your place of work and vice versa.

Human trafficking: The smuggling of people across international borders. Sometimes people pay to be trafficked to try and get into another country and other times people are abducted and trafficked against there will.

Migration Balance: The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants. If there are more immigrants than emigrants then you have a positive migration balance, if there are more emigrants then immigrants then you have a negative migration balance.

UN highlights human trafficking - BBC article

Trafficked: Sex slaves seduced and sold - BBC article

Causes of Forced Migration	Causes of Voluntary Migration
Natural disasters like flooding, earthquakes or volcanoes Outbreaks of disease War Political persecution Drought and famine	Retirement Education (to attend a school or university) Work Medical care (medical care is often cheaper in LEDCs) More relaxed lifestyle in foreign country (many people move from UK to Australia for this reason)

Push Factors: something that makes you want to leave a location. No job or a poorly paid job Food and water shortages Poor education and medical care Crime or conflict Lee's migration model: This a simple model which shows people migrate because of a combination of push and pull factors. The model also suggests that there are factors that encourage people to stay in their location and possibly factors in their desired destination which discourage them from moving there. Factors discouraging people from leaving host country: friends and family, security of native culture, a job, a house Factors discouraging people moving to host country: language problems, illegal status, no job, worries over housing

Pull Factors: Something that attracts you to a new location. Prospect of a better job Lower crime rates and peace Prospect of better education for them or their children Availability of food and water Greater political freedoms Greater gender equality Intervening obstacles: Problems or difficulties that you might experience before you migrate or while you are migrating. Obstacles that people might face while migrating include: No passport or visa Shortage of money Fear of being a victim of crime while migrating e.g. Central Americans travelling through Mexico. Arrest for illegal entry into countries Some migrants may also return home very quickly because of factors including: Unable to find a job, missing friends and families, deportation, unable to save money, unable to adapt to local culture. Sahara deaths: Niger 'arrests' 127 departing migrants - BBC article Mapping Mediterranean migration - BBC article

	ADVANTAGES	DISADVANTAGES
SOURCE COUNTRY (LOSING)	A reduction in unemployment as more jobs become available Remittances are sent home from migrants living abroad Migrants may return home with new skills Increased political ties with migrants host country Reduced pressure on education and healthcare system Reduction in births rates and total fertility rate as many migrants are in the reproductive age range	Brain drain - losing your most educated and skilled workers. A shortage of workers, especially during periods of harvest An increase in the dependency ratio as economically active migrate Separation of families. This may include children losing one or both of their parents Creates dependency on remittances
HOST COUNTRY (RECEIVING)	Brain gain - Receiving educated and skilled workers. As well as trained migrants there will be as source of cheap migrants (low paid) to fill manual jobs. There will be increased cultural diversity as migrants arrive with their own culture of food, dance, language, etc. Growth of local market with increase of population If migrants are legal, then an increase in tax revenues for the government Recent immigrants to UK 'make net contribution' - BBC article	There may be an increase in racial tensions between newly arrived migrants and local population The increased population will cause greater pollution and overcrowding There may be a rise in unemployment when migrants accept lower paid positions, making more of the local population unemployed. There will be an increase pressure on services. This may include schools and hospitals, but also electricity and water supply. Growth of black market and informal economy if migrants are illegally present

Remittances: Money sent home from family members or friends living an earning money in a different location, normally a foreign country.

US woes slow migrant remittances - BBC article

Filipino remittances hit $9.7 billion - BBC article

Economic Migration to the UAE The UAE (United Arab Emirates) is located in the Middle East. It is rapidly developing country based on the discovery of oil in the 1950's. Its rapid growth and small population has meant that it relies heavily on foreign labour for both manual and professional jobs. The UAE has a population of about 7 million people. However, the majority of the UAE population is foreign, only about 15% is Emirati. The main migrant groups are from Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Philippines). Manual workers tend to come from the sub-continent (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh). They often arrive on two year contracts and work six days a week. The migrants often live in labour camps and hope to send money (remittances) back to their families. The working conditions and labour camps have come in for much criticism in recent years. Manual workers are typically male with low skill/education levels and physically fit (18 to 45 years old). Tertiary and professional workers tend to come from Europe and the Philippines. The European workers tend to be well-paid and focused in more professional jobs (banking, teaching, etc.). Filipino workers tend to work in restaurants, hotels and domestic service and can still be poorly paid and live in poor accommodation. However, whatever the conditions the supply of labour continues to arrive, so at the moment the UAE must be offering the work opportunities that the migrants need and demonstrate the lack of work in their home countries. In recent years the UAE government has become increasingly concerned by its reliance on foreign labour ( in the private sector it is estimated that only 1% of workers are Emirati), so local Emirati labour has been promoted in a policy known as Emiratisation (Responses). However, if the UAE is to continue to grow the reliance on foreign labour will have to continue. Migrant woes in Dubai worker camps - BBC article Plans to boost UAE workforce - BBC New Emiratisation Drive - Gulf News article Philippines Reliance on Foreign Remittances Carries Significant Cost - Nation article

Migrant workers or guest workers or foreign workers: Economic migrants who travel to another country on a fixed term contract to work.

Labour camps: Accommodation provided for migrant workers. There are many labour camps in the Gulf States who rely on migrant workers. The labour camps are often very overcrowded with many people sharing the same room with only limited washing and toilet facilities.

PUSH FACTORS FOR LEAVING SOUTH ASIA (SUB-CONTINENT)	PULL FACTORS FOR MOVING TO THE UAE
No jobs or only low paid primary jobs (farming). People are unable to support their family Conflicts taking place in Pakistan and Afghanistan (formerly Sri Lanka) This overcrowding and overpopulation. Not only are there not enough jobs, but not enough houses, medical care, electricity, etc. India has the world's second biggest population (about 1.1. billion), but certainly doesn't have the infrastructure yet.	Jobs (most migrants will arrive with a two year contract) The UAE is a relatively safe country (although some migrants do suffer from discrimination) For many migrants they can still practice their main religion - Islam (especially true for migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of India). Migrants know that they will be able to save and send money back to their families (remittances). Many migrants (some possibly family and friends) have done the same migration so understand the costs and benefits. There may also be a friends and family network in the UAE.
BENEFITS OF ECONOMIC MIGRANTS TO THE UAE	NEGATIVES OF ECONOMIC MIGRANTS TO THE UAE
Large numbers of manual workers to complete construction products. Many Emiratis would not work as manual workers. Professional workers can fill current skill gaps in the Emirati population e.g. doctors, engineers and English teachers The economy can continue to grow increasing the wealth of the country. Improved relations with migrants countries. There are believed to 250,000 British people living in the UAE, creating a very strong relationship. Emirati workers can learn new skills off foreign workers. The potential market of customers in the UAE has grown from 500,000 to 7 million so businesses have many more customers to sell to. The UAE has been able to attract many international sports events with its growing cultural diversity e.g. Dubai Open (tennis and golf), Dubai Sevens (rugby), Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.	High dependency on foreign labour (if foreign migrants left, the economy would collapse). Racial tension between locals and migrants and possible loss of culture or cultural insensitivity e.g. inappropriate clothes A lot migrant pay leaves the UAE in the form of remittances, so the money is not circulated in the UAE. The UAE receives a lot of negative criticism over the treatment of migrant labour in labour camps. The main business language is now English instead of Arabic. When shopping or going to a restaurant the most common languages used will be Hindu, Urdu, English, Bengali and Tagalog. The infrastructure of the UAE has not kept up with the population growth. The roads are very congested and sewage often has to be dumped in the desert. There are also water and electricity shortages. There is inflation in the UAE as demand for products increases. However, the housing boom has slowed with the economic crisis. There has been an increase is some crime e.g. smuggling of alcohol which is illegal for Emiratis to drink.

Iraqi Refugees and IDPs Iraq has seen a flow of refugees from its borders over the last 100 years. However, since the American led invasion of 2003, the number of refugees leaving Iraq and also the number of IDPs within Iraq has increased rapidly. It is estimated that since 2003, about 2.2 million Iraqi's have left the country and a further 2.5million have fled internally. Most refugees have escaped the ongoing fighting between coalition troops and remnants of Saddam Hussein's government, but others are escaping terrorist attacks (Al Qaeda has infiltrated Iraq) and political, ethnic and religious persecution. The majority of refugees have moved to neighbouring countries (Syria and Jordan), where there are similarities in language and religion and they are easily accessible by land. Refugees can encounter many problems including; no job, no housing, no money, shortage of food and water, no clothes and a lack of safety. Children are also taken out of school and many people can suffer from psychological and physical problems living in temporary conditions. Many charitable organisations aim to help refugees and IDPs, but the organisation that coordinates most responses are the UNHCR.

UK resettlemet Programme Begins - Refugee Council UN warns over Iraq refugee disaster - BBC article Iraq drives global refugee rise - BBC article The US is failing Iraqi refugees - Guardian article

Refugees: Someone who has been forced to leave their home and their country. People can be forced to become refugees for many reasons including:

• War
• Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes, volcanoes)
• Famine and drought
• Political unrest e.g. Syria, Egypt and Libya
• Persecution (ethnic, religious)
• Crime and extortion

IDPs: This stands for internally displaced person and it is someone who has been forced to leave their home and move somewhere else within their country.

Asylum Seeker: A person who, from fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, social group, or political opinion, has crossed an international frontier into a country in which he or she hopes to be granted refugee status

Iraq asylum seekers numbers jump - BBC article

Persecution: The attack of people for what they believe in or who they are. Many people are persecuted because of their political and religious beliefs.

Crushing Iraqs human mosaic - BBC article

UNHCR:The United Nations High Commission for Refugees is the organisation that tries to coordinate help and response for people who have become refugees. The UNHCR tries to deal with the problems of refugees in the following ways:

1. Return refugees to their original home and country
2. Return refugees to a neighbouring country or region that has a similar language, culture. etc.
3. Relocate refugees to a country further away that may have different language, religion, tradition, etc. The last choice is a last resort because it will be hardest for the refugees to adapt and settle.

WFP: The World Food Programme is a UN organisation charged with providing food to areas suffering from famines, natural disasters, refugee problems, etc.

WHO: The World Health Organisation tries to reduce the risk of disease amongst refugees and treat people that are ill.

Refugees and IDPs can face many problems including:

Starvation and/or Dehydration: Refugees are often forced to leave their homes with little or no warning. They often travel with little or no food or money and have to travel long distances to reach safety or refugees camps. On the way, particular in hot climates e.g. Iraq, Sudan or Somalia they may suffer from severe lack of water and food, making many weak and killing others.

Exposure: If refugees are lucky they may have a tent to sleep in, but many others have to sleep out in the open and are exposed to extremes of temperatures (very hot and very cold). In desert areas like in Iraq it can get extremely hot in the day, but extremely cold at night.

Disease: With large numbers of people living close together without proper sanitation (toilets), nor proper food/water supply then diseases can spread quickly.

Language Barriers: Sometimes refugees are forced to move to regions or countries that speak a different language. This makes communicating and seeking help much harder. This would not be a problem for Iraqi refugees moving to Syria or Jordan, but is a potential problems for Iraq refugees moving to Iran, Turkey or further afield to Europe and the US.

Racial Tensions: Refugees are often forced to countries where there are different ethnic and/or religious groups. This can at times cause tensions, especially if it is a poor country that already suffers from housing shortages and unemployment.

Unemployment or Underemployment: Many refugees leave with no money, so need to find work. Many refugees also want to care for themselves and don't want to depend of a foreign country or charity. However, because of existing unemployment in the receiving country or language barriers or lack of skills/education or even a lack of a visa refugees find it hard to get jobs or are forced to work in the informal economy. Jordan and Syria already suffer from high unemployment so many refugees will find it hard to find work.

Violence: Some refugees may face violence as they escape conflict. Sometimes even refugees camps are attacked by fighters. Many refugees in Darfur (Western Sudan) have faced attacks by fighters.

Deportation: Refugees may also be forced to leave a country because the country is unwilling to accept refugees. In many countries there is a process where refugees have to apply for refugees status or asylum and prove that they are unable to return home for fear of their safety.

Exploitation: Refugees may also be exploited by gangs or criminals. They may fall victims of human trafficking and pay large amounts of money to try and escape to other countries or they may end up working for criminals in dirty and dangerous conditions.

Countries that receive large numbers of refugees can also suffer problems. It is often poor countries (LEDCs) that receive large numbers of refugees, because it is often neighbouring poor countries who suffer from events that cause refugees e.g. conflict, famine, natural disasters. Receiving countries can suffer from problems including:

• Shortage of housing (cost of providing houses and/or tents)
• Cost of feeding and watering large numbers of refugees
• Cost of providing schooling and healthcare (especially if there numbers of children or outbreaks of disease)
• Discontent amongst native population because of resources used on refugees
• Electricity and water shortages
• Fighting spilling over into country
• Congestion, pollution and overcrowding

Rural-Urban Migration in Brazil Rural-urban migration is taking place in most developing countries. It happens because of a combination of push and pull factors. These factors include: Push Factors: Low paid agricultural jobs, loss of jobs because of mechanisation, lack of services (schools, hospitals, water supply, electricity) loss of land, poor quality housing, etc. Pull Factors: Prospect of better jobs (factories), better entertainment, better services, more housing, etc. In reality most migrants don't experience all these benefits and many end up living in informal settlements and working for very low pay in dirty, dangerous jobs. However, people are still prepared to take the risk in the hope that their children will benefit. The arrival of large numbers of migrants can cause problems for the city they arrive to. Problems may include: unemployment, shortage of houses, pressure on schools and hospitals, shortage of water and electricity, congestion and pollution. Many cities are trying to solve these problems. In Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) they are trying to solve the problems of poor quality housing in favelas through self-help schemes and site and service schemes.

Inside Rio's violent favelas - BBC article Rio de Janeiro to get facelift as Brazil invests billions in redesign - Guardian article Brazil police target drug gangs in Rio's biggest slum - BBC article

	URBAN AREA (RECEIVING AREA)	RURAL AREA (LOSING AREA)
ADVANTAGES	New workers that can fill low paid jobs like factory and construction work The government has better control over the population if they leave in urban areas. They may join the formal economy and pay taxes It is easier for the government to provide services like schools and hospitals Migrants may become better educated and reduce birth rates and population growth.	Reduces unemployment rate Reduces overcrowding in schools and hospitals Remittances maybe sent back to families Reduced pressure on limited electricity and water supply
DISADVANTAGES	Increased congestion Causes urban sprawl as informal housing is built Increased pollution, especially water and air because of traffic and waste Pressure on schools and hospitals Higher unemployment Pressure on electricity and water supply Possible crime and certainly growth in informal economy as people don't have jobs	Increases dependency ratio, because young and old are often left behind. There maybe a shortage of workers, especially during the harvest season. Families may become separated as young adults migrate.

Typical Migrant: Traditionally migrants have been mainly men. However, with females becoming increasingly emancipated the numbers are now almost even. Migrants will normally be young in their 20's and 30's because they have the most to gain from migrating. It is much harder for the every old or the every young or the sick to migrate. Migration may cause family division as one or two parents migrate. If the migration is successful the children may follow at a later date or just remain with other family members. Normally the most physically fit, best skilled and/or best educated will migrate first because they have the best prospects of finding a job and improving their quality of life.

Informal housing: Housing that has been built by people out of any temporary materials that they can find e.g. wood, plastic, metal. Informal settlements may also be called squatter settlements, slum housing, shanty towns or in Brazil, favelas and El Salvador champas.

Marginal land: Land that no one else wants to build on. The land maybe on a steep hill, next to a polluting factory, by a river that floods regularly on under a main road.

Mechanisation: The increased use of machinery. Mechanisation normally means that many people lose their jobs.

Urbanisation: The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. Urbanisation normally takes place because of rapid rural-urban migration.

Urban growth or urban sprawl: The growth in the size of an urban area, normally because extra houses are being built in the rural-urban fringe.

Counterurbanisation or Suburbanisation: The movement of people out of cities or towards the edge of cities. People often move out or to the edge in MEDCs to find more space and less overcrowding and pollution. Young families and the elderly are the most likely to counterurbaise and suburbanise.

PUSH FACTORS FROM CITY	PULL FACTORS TO SUBURBS OR RURAL AREAS
Congestion Pollution (air, noise and visual) Crime or certainly fear of crime (theft, assault, etc.) Cost of land Small houses Lack of green spaces Poor quality schools	Less congestion Bigger houses with bigger gardens Better schools Less crime Greens areas and better recreational opportunities e.g. walking, cycling and horse riding Less pollution and cleaner air Cheaper land

Reurbanisation: The movement of people back towards the CBD. Many young professionals or reurbanising in MEDCs as inner cities are regenerated. Young people are attracted to the inner cities because it is near where they work and close to many different farms of entertainment e.g. theatre, cinema, restaurants, bars, shops and clubs.

In the Global Interactions section of the course we will also look at the flow of people travelling from Poland to the UK for economic purposes. See: Labour flows. If you are interested in migration from Central America to the US see: IGCSE Migration.

More Europe Migrants to gain access to UK Benefits - BBC article

High Earners Migration cap to be lifted - BBC article

Net migration increases by 36% official figures show - BBC article

UN calls for investigation to migrant abductions in Mexico - BBC article

Recommended Wider Reading and Viewing